![]() ![]() This movement also began to decline from Canada around 1909 because of Kang's clashes with leaders of Canadian Chinatowns. His new program for reform of both China and the Chinese diaspora enabled his movement to spread from Canada to the global arena. This article, however, argues that Kang's diasporic experience, especially his interactions with the Chinese in Canada, greatly radicalized and expanded his reforms. The rise and fall of the movement have been ascribed respectively to Kang's reformist mobilization for monarchist patriotism and to the political challenge of the anti-Qing revolutionaries. But his Canadian experience has long been neglected, and the overseas Chinese movement has often been downplayed as an extension or even regression from the abortive 1898 Reform. Kang Youwei's successive visits to Canada from 1899 initiated a reformist movement among the worldwide Chinese diaspora for over a decade. Keywords: Liang Qichao first portuguese republic Chinese constitutionalism We also expect to contribute with a new perspective on the 1910 Revolution in Portugal by introducing this essay to Portuguese-speaking audiences. This article focuses on the essay Causes of the Portuguese Revolution and its Future (in chinese 葡萄牙革命之原因及其将来 Putaoya geming zhi yuanyin ji qi jianglai), written by Liang Qichao days after the Portuguese revolution, and attempts to analyze it in the light of the political thought of the Chinese intellectual. An insightful observer and defender of monarchical constitutionalism, Liang watched with concern the fall of the Braganzas monarchy in Portugal and the republican revolution of October 5, from which he sought to draw lessons for his own country. Having lived during the last years of the Qing dynasty and the subsequent and troubled Republic of China, Liang Qichao was, alongside his better well-known contemporary Sun Yat-sen, one of the most influential public intellectuals of his time. Together, they created a public opinion that forced the Qing government to proceed with the political reform. The adjustments Kang made to his propaganda campaign were echoed by progressive newspapers published inside China. After the founding of Baohuang hui (Chinese Empire Reform Association) in 1899, Kang’s overseas propaganda began to call for an armed rescue mission and for funds from the overseas Chinese communities for this purpose. ![]() By 1899, he turned to blaming some of her “evil ministers” as well. Immediately following the bloody coup d’etat in 1898, Kang identified Empress-Dowager Cixi as the chief instigator of the tragedy. In addition to casting himself in a favorable light, the campaign served two other purposes: to justify his own fleeing from China and to solicit foreign intervention to free Emperor Guangxu from house arrest. After the failed Hundred Days Reform, Kang Youwei launched a propaganda campaign in the newspapers under his control.
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